"Struggle in the way of God."
A nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts.
A high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries.
These Muslims accept only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam.
This is a divine truth; according to Islamic belief Muhammad received many of them from God.
This is Arabic for "God."
This dynasty was established by Mu'awiyah and its capital was in Damascus instead of Medinah.
A gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife.
The concept that Christians and Jews could practice their own religions under Islam, but they were subjected to some regulations, such as paying special taxes.
The tower of a mosque from which a person calls Muslims to prayer five times a day.
Located at Mecca, this is the holiest shrine of the Islamic faith.
Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is a ******* religion.
Muhammad's son-in-law, who became an official caliph after Muhammad died.
A successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims.
One of the Five Pillars of Islam.
They built a new capital city at Baghdad, on the Tigris River, in 762.
These are people who move constantly to find water and food.
The office or dominion of a caliph.
This "covered market" was a crucial part of every Muslim city or town.
Like the Israelites and the Assyrians, the early Arabs were a ******* speaking people.
Meaning "holder of power," the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans.
A law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives.
A new dynasty was established under these people in Cairo, in 973.
One of the Five Pillars of Islam.