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Renewable Energy Systems

Across
The rise in sea levels causing a number of low-lying states to disappear. Examples would be island states such as the Maldives or coastal areas such as Bangladesh.
Nation-states that seem stable on the surface but in reality they’re quite vulnerable due to ignorance of the connection between natural resource vulnerabilities and political unrest. An example would be Syria.
The influence of geography on the foreign relations of states. Renewable energy in the context of this topic would be energy distribution changes depending on where that renewable energy is located and who has access to the technology.
Author of A Solar Manifesto. He links the use of energy to ideology. Touches on ideas such as “unreal realism”, how humans have forgotten our connection to the sun, energy and the transformation of civilization, energy supply and migration, and energy imperialism.
An example of this would be the South China Sea. $1.2 billion of U.S. trade is carried by vessels through this area annually. Both China and the U.S. want control over it. Resource scarcity will make this zone all the more crucial for countries to acquire resources that they can no longer provide themselves.
This involves harnessing the energy of the waves that form as a result of wind blowing across the surface of the ocean. The energies that could be involved include potential (tides or waves), kinetic (waves or marine/tidal current), osmotic pressure (salinity gradient), and thermal (thermal gradient). Tides are not seasonal and have localized high power densities. The forces that act on tides are gravitational and centrifugal. Waves are seasonal and the height and steepness of waves depends on three factors- wind speed, wind duration, and fetch. The different ways to classify wave energy converters would be by mode of operation (heaving and pitch float, heaving float, pitching device, oscillating water column, or surge device), device location (fixed to seabed which would be shallow, tethered at intermediate depths, or floating offshore in deep water), or by the geometry and orientation (terminators, attenuators, or point absorbers). The capital investment required for wave energy is dependent on average efficiencies and location. Reducing the operation and maintenance costs is key for implementation and there is very little environmental impact compared to other energy types.
A form of renewable energy that harnesses the energy from the sun through use of photovoltaic cells. The process of this energy production is known as the photovoltaic effect. This effect involves both electrons (free moving negative charges) and holes (free moving positive charges). Both are mobile and can carry an electrical current. Within a cell there are N-type semiconductors and P-type semiconductors and together they form a PN-Junction. Electrons then wander across the junction to join up with holes, causing both to disappear. The side they left contains static positive charges on the atoms. Holes can wander the same way and leave behind static negative charges on the atom. A depletion zone forms where there are no charge carriers anymore. This separation of static positive and negative charges creates an electric field across the depletion zone. Light hitting the cell will knock an additional electron loose and the electric field makes the electron flow to the N-type semiconductor and the hole flow to the P-type material. The resulting separation of positive and negative charges across a junction is known as potential difference or voltage. These PV cells are connected together to make a PV module and modules connected together form a PV array. The amount of direct sunlight that a module receives is very important so you want to pay attention to things like tilt (the degree of freedom that defines elevation or pitch of the PV module) and orientation (the degree of freedom that defines what direction the module is facing). The more sunlight the module receives, the more energy the PV system receives.
Defining a future end-point and working backwards to identify the steps required to reach said endpoint.
Down
A plan to transform Denmark’s current energy usage. It consists of two pillars- green energy in all sectors and energy efficiency (minimizing energy consumption). It promotes the use of renewable energy, interstate flexibility, and grid expansion. It also talks of different scenarios using various amounts of mind, biomass, bio+, and hydrogen energy. There is also a 2050 goal of completely cutting out fossil fuels.
The types of _____ energy can range from forest ____, agricultural ____, ____ from animal waste, marine ____, and ____ from municipal waste. There are two broad categories of this type of energy- primary (unprocessed) and secondary (processed). Primary is used for heating, cooking, and electricity. Secondary is generated by processing plants/crops and that liquid is used for vehicle and industrial processes. There are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation forms of this type of energy. The two ways to harvest algae for this energy is by using a closed loop system or an open pond. The energy conversion routes can either be thermochemical, chemical, or biochemical.
Countries turning to global markets when their resources became strained but the global markets also become fragile when weather events become more extreme/frequent. An example would be Egypt and Syria and how the drought affects wheat production prices.
A form of renewable energy that incorporates the use of turbines to produce energy. There are two different types of turbines- vertical axis and horizontal axis. Vertical axis is not economically competitive/feasible compared to horizontal axis. Horizontal axis turbines are easier to manufacture, transport, install, etc. Vertical axis turbines deal with mostly drag and you need high amounts of energy to start it. Horizontal axis turbines work with lift and are more visually appealing. Power control is a major aspect of wind energy. It is designed to yield a max power output at wind speeds of about 12-15 m/s. There are two types of power control- power optimization for low wind speeds and power limitation for high wind speeds.
Strains on natural resource security can lead to state failures and an opportunity for non-state actors to rise in power. An example would be ISIS in Syria and Iraq seize limited resources such as water and use them as leverage.
Defining a hypothetical scenario with a basic set of assumptions and using these assumptions to predict the future.
Poorly governed/resource stressed nation-states are likely to become more fragile in the face of climate change. An example would be Ethiopia and Sudan reacting to extreme rainfall variability and sea level rise due to climate change.
Energy that is derived from heat from the earth carried by liquid or stream. When looking at this type of energy you have to take into account heat sources (such as volcanoes and sedimentary basins) as well as natural aquifers (porous rocks that can store water and through which water flows) and enthalpy (the heat content of a substance per unit mass). This energy is very capital intensive (cost is dependent on quality of resource) and location specific. The environmental impacts of this energy include induced seismicity, gaseous pollution, ground subsidence, liquid disposal, and noise pollution. The technologies used to obtain this energy would either be high enthalpy steam fields (which could involve dry steam power plants, single flash steam power plants, binary cycle power plants, or double flash steam power plants) or direct use of this energy (which could involve ground source heat pumps or enhanced geothermal systems).