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Ch. 10 Biotechnology Vocabulary

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Across
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____ enzymes- an enzyme that recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and cuts the DNA double strand at that recognition site, often with a staggered cut leaving short single strands or “sticky” ends
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the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species
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the use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells to produce novel compounds or to perform new functions
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Genetic ____- identifying gene variants in an individual that may lead to a genetic disease in that individual
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___ cloning- cloning of entire organisms
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Whole genome ___- a process that determines the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome
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an organism whose genome has been artificially changed (abbreviated)
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the study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics
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____ organism- a species that is studied and used as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism
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describing an organism that receives DNA from a different species
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___ genetics- a form of genetic analysis that manipulates DNA to disrupt or affect the product of a gene to analyze the gene’s function
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Protein ___- a set of over- or under-expressed proteins characteristic of cells in a particular diseased tissue
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a small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome; plasmids code for some important traits for bacteria and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications
Down
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____ DNA- a combination of DNA fragments generated by molecular cloning that does not exist in nature
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an individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state
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the production of an exact copy—specifically, an exact genetic copy—of a gene, cell, or organism
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study of the function of proteomes
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Gel ______-a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of their ability to migrate through a semisolid gel in response to an electric current
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the study of the collective genomes of multiple species that grow and interact in an environmental niche
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Genetic _____- alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism using the molecular methods of biotechnology
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in molecular biology, the process by which two single strands of DNA hydrogen bond at complementary nucleotides to form a double-stranded molecule
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____ map- a representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers
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Gene ____- the technique used to cure heritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes
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a technique used to make multiple copies of DNA (Abbreviated)
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Genetic ___-an outline of genes and their location on a chromosome that is based on recombination frequencies between markers