The Hebrew name for Germany, used to refer to Jewish communities that originated
in central Europe
A Semitic language similar to Hebrew that was spoken by Jews during the Second
Temple era and later, especially in the Galilee and Babylonia.
a tannaitic collection organized like the Mishnah and containing alternative or explanatory traditions.
The sacred scriptures of the Jews, traditionally believed to have originated in divine revelation or inspiration. In old Jewish sources it is referred to as Miqra (“that which is read aloud”).divided into three sections: Torah, Nevi’im (Prophets) and Ketuvim (Hagiographa), comprising twenty-four
From a Hebrew word meaning “pride”; the title given to the heads of talmudic academies, especially in Babylonia, after the talmudic era.
An esoteric tradition of expounding Ezekiel’s vision of a chariot
composed of angelic beings. The Mishnah forbade public dissemination of this mystical
discipline.
an influential sixteenth-century codification of Jewish law by Rabbi Joseph Caro
The title of an authoritative collection of Jewish oral traditions, mostly of legal matters, and organized by subject; The genre consisting of oral teachings that are not connected to scripture.
In the kabbalistic teachings of Rabbi Isaac Luria, the myth that explains the origins of evil in the universe, caused when the vessels created by God to receive
the divine light were unable to contain it and shattered, leaving a mixture of holy sparks and
evil shards.
an influential mystical and moralistic ideology that arose in the Rhineland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
A volume in the Nevi’im section of the Bible containing twelve shorter works that are treated as a single book.
The tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel during the era of the divided monarchy, who were conquered and exiled by the Assyrians, and subsequently lost to Judaism
The northern district of the land of Israel. It became the center of Jewish religious and communal life in the second century CE following the decline of Judea
The philosophical masterpiece by Moses Maimonides in which he attempted to reconcile traditional Jewish beliefs with Aristotelian science and philosophy.
the old Alexandrian Greek translation of the Torah (and the rest of the Bible). According to legend it was composed by seventy Jewish elders.
An acronym for the three divisions of the Hebrew Bible: Torah, Nevi’im and Ketuvim.