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Module 18

Across
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Down
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond