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Chapter 19

Across
The vibrations of the ground during an earthquake
Measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter scale
Numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake
Causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deformation is reduced and disappears
Deformation of materials in response to stress
Point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
Measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII; the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused
Fracture or system of fractures in Earth's crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great; can form as a result of horizontal compression, horizontal shear, or horizontal tension
Forces per unit area that act on a material-compression, tension, and shear
Instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake
Process associated with seismic vibrations that occur in areas of sand that is nearly saturated; resulting in the ground behaving like a liquid
Record produced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave
Down
Scale used to measure earthquake magnitude-taking into account the size of the fault rupture, the rock's stiffness, and amount of movement along the fault-using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves
The size of the seismic waves; an increase in 1 in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10
Large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can form huge, fast-moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height that can damage coastal areas
Seismic wave that squeezes and pushes in the same direction that the wave travels, known as a P-wave
Permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value
Seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave, known as an S-wave
Place along an active fault has not experienced an earthquake for a long time
Point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth's surface