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Chapter 19

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Across
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The vibrations of the ground during an earthquake
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Measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter scale
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Numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake
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Causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deformation is reduced and disappears
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Deformation of materials in response to stress
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Point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
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Measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII; the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused
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Fracture or system of fractures in Earth's crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great; can form as a result of horizontal compression, horizontal shear, or horizontal tension
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Forces per unit area that act on a material-compression, tension, and shear
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Instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake
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Process associated with seismic vibrations that occur in areas of sand that is nearly saturated; resulting in the ground behaving like a liquid
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Record produced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave
Down
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Scale used to measure earthquake magnitude-taking into account the size of the fault rupture, the rock's stiffness, and amount of movement along the fault-using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves
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The size of the seismic waves; an increase in 1 in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10
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Large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can form huge, fast-moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height that can damage coastal areas
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Seismic wave that squeezes and pushes in the same direction that the wave travels, known as a P-wave
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Permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value
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Seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave, known as an S-wave
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Place along an active fault has not experienced an earthquake for a long time
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Point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth's surface