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Ch. 9 EAST ASIA ______________________(please print) your name

Teacher: Professor Thomas
Across
There are several indigenous minorities in Japan and most have suffered considerable discrimination. A small and distinctive minority group, characterized by their light skin, heavy beards, and thick wavy hair, they number only about 30,000 to 50,000; racially and culturally distinct; thought to have migrated many thousands of years ago from the northern Asian steppes. They once occupied Hokkaido and northern Honshu and lived by hunting, fishing, and some cultivation, but they are now being displaced by forestry and other development activities. Few full-bodied remain because, despite prejudice, they have been steadily assimilated into the mainstream Japanese population. Finally, in 2008, the Japanese parliament officially recognized them as an indigenous minority that was 500 years after the Ainu began to be marginalized by mainstream Japanese culture.
The United States has had a strong relationship since the 1950s; ardent communist stance and remains independent but favors relaxed relations with China, although China flexes its military muscles periodically. Geographically and financially situated to develop mainland Chinese markets and integrate the Asia-Pacific economy. China seems to accept this reality, at least for now. Small size, small population; one of the most prosperous countries in the Asia-Pacific region with greatest concentration of people in the far north surrounding the capital; 100 miles off China's southeastern coast. A mountainous spine runs from the northeastern corner to the southern tip. twenty-first globally foreign trade. Green revolution permitted it to go from agricultural to urban jobs; economy then went from labor-intensive to high-tech. As it faced foreign competition throughout Asia for its labor-intensive industries, it just built factories and invested in its foreign competitors in those regions and thus remain competitive.
The capacity of the people in a geographic area to consistently provide themselves with adequate food and is increasingly linked to the global economy. The wealthiest countries in the region are already very dependent on food imports from around the globe. About 75 percent of the food consumed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan is imported. In China, on the other hand, self-sufficiency in grain production is important to national identity because devastating famines were a recurring problem before and during the Communist Revolution. China is now nearly self-sufficient with regard to basic necessities, but it relies on imports of commodities to supply growing demand for grain and soybeans for animal feed and luxury food items. On one hand, high levels of imported food are a sign of increasing food security in East Asia, because countries with competitive globalized economies can afford to bring in food from elsewhere. However, dramatic increases in food prices illustrate the perils of dependence on food imports, especially as oil prices are subject to fluctuation and food production is often energy intensive. Also, corn is sometimes used to produce ethanol fuel as a replacement for gasoline, rather than a food source. Although over half of East Asia's vast territory can support agriculture, the fertile zones are shrinking due to urban and industrial expansion and agricultural mismanagement. As urban populations grow and become more affluent, they consume more meat and other animal products that require more land and resources. Also, seventy percent of the soybeans used in China are imported, and not for human food, but as a farm-raised fish food.
A term used in China to describe those who have no rights to housing, schools, or health care in the place to which they have migrated. These migrants generally work in menial, low-wage jobs and make agonizing sacrifices to send money home to children and spouses living in rural areas. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of people migrating from rural to urban areas in China in search of work more than doubled (Fig. 9.17C page 498). This amounts to approximately half of the working people in China's cities.
When companies cluster together that are part of the same production process so that they can deliver parts to each other when they are needed. See Fig. 9.15. Related industries are clustered together around a Toyota plant in Toyota City, Japan. Factories that make automobile parts are clustered around the final assembly plant, delivering parts literally minutes before they will be used. This saves money by making production more efficient and reducing the need for warehouses.
A blend of modern influences and respect for tradition and authority; omote on the outside and ura on the inside; job-hopping is considered reprehensible; individualism is regarded as selfish; guest workers from poor countries take hard, dirty, dangerous, and low-paying jobs; mountainous; crowded; cool in the north and tropical in the south, much like our Eastern Seaboard; highest ratios of people to farmland in the world; flatland is scarce; 4,000 coastal fishing villages and a large catch, yet the lowest levels of food self-sufficiency among developed countries.
One way China has tried to address regional disparities is to increase economic growth in underdeveloped areas by opening them up to foreign investment and trade. Wary of the disruption that could result from abruptly opening the economy to international trade, China first selected five coastal cities as sites where foreign technology and management could be imported to China and free trade established. In the late 1990s, the program was expanded to 32 other cities, many of them in the interior. These provide footholds for international investors and multinational companies eager to establish operations in the country.
In the aftermath of Mao's Communist Revolution of government- sponsored programs of massive economic reform initiated in the 1950s; 30 million people died, many from famine brought on by poorly planned development objectives; others because they were persecuted for opposing the reforms. Meanwhile, deforestation, soil degradation, and agricultural mismanagement became widespread. In the aftermath, the Communist Party leaderss tried to correct the inefficiencies of the centrally planned economy only to be demoted or jailed as Mao Zedong remained in power.
Fine yellowish windblown soil particles which, for thousands of years, dust storms have picked up from the surface of the Gobi desert and carried east filling up deep mountain valleys and creating an undulating plateau. The Huang He, in a second massive earth-moving process, transports millions of tons of this sediment to the coastal plain each year. Over the millennia, this river has created the North China Plain by depositing its heavy load of sediment in what was once a much larger Bo Hai Sea.
Created by the Huang He river and its speed slows after it descends from the Loess. As its sediment settles out it raises the riverbed in places to be higher than the surrounding plain, occasionally breaking through the levees into densely occupied areas. The Huang He is both a source of enrichment as well as destruction, is referred to as both the Mother of China and China's Sorrow. Name this region that is the largest and most populous expanse of flat, arable land in China.
Also called household registration, an ancient practice reinforced in the Maoist era that effectively ties rural people to the place of their birth. Today the system is less strict, but individuals are basically expected to obtain permission from the authorities if they want to migrate. The Chinese government has so far retained this system because it keeps the cities from being overwhelmed by migrants, but the government enforces it only weakly because everybody realizes that urban industries are in need of a growing workforce. In effect, this is a deliberate policy that both enables mobility of labor and keeps that labor vulnerable and exploitable.
The islands of Japan have a different geological origin than China. Japan is volcanic, not part of the continental shelf. Its islands rise out of the waters of the northwestern Pacific in the tectonically active zone where the Pacific, Philippine, and Eurasian plates grind against one another. Lying along a portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire (Fig. 1.26 on page 47), the entire Japanese island chain is particularly vulnerable to disastrous volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and _______ (seismic sea waves). The volcanic Mount Fuji, the highest peak in the country and a recognizable national symbol (Fig. 9.1E) last erupted in 1707, although still classed as active with deep internal rumblings detected since 2001. In March 2011, the largest earthquake in recorded Japanese history, 9.2 on the Richter scale, hit off the coast of Honshu, Japan. The quake and subsequent _____killed tens of thousands of people and damaged several nuclear reactors located on the coast, resulting in the second-worst nuclear accident ever in the world.
Down
Xinjiang consists of two dry basins Fig. 9.39. the Tarim Basin, occupied by the Taklimakan Desert, and the smaller Junggar Basin to the northeast. Both are virtually surrounded by 13,000 foot high mountains topped with snow and glaciers. In this distant corner of China, far from the world's oceans, rainfall is exceedingly sparse. Snow and glacial meltwater from the high mountain peaks are important sources of moisture. Much of the meltwater makes its way to underground rivers, where it is protected from the high rates of evaporation on the surface. Long ago, people built tunnels called _____ deep below the surface to carry groundwater dozens of miles to areas where it was needed. These _____ have made productive some of the hottest and driest places on Earth. The Turfan Depression, situated between the Junggar and the Tarim basins, descends 500 feet below sea level, temperatures reach 104 degrees and evaporation rates are extremely high, because these underground tunnels bring irrigation water, this area produces some of China's best foods: melons, grapes, apples, and pears. The produce is sold to urban populations in eastern China.
Peoples native to this subregion of Central Asia--the Uygur minority, most of whom are Muslims, and resettled Han Chinese, together 20 million strong, once made their living as nomadic herders and animal traders, moved with their herds and lived in these Cozy houses--round, heavy felt tents stretched over collapsible willow frames--can be folded and carried on horse-back, in horse-drawn carts, or today, in trucks. Fig. 9.43A.
A defacto city-state; a financial hub along China's southeast coast; China's highest per capita income, similar to that of U.S. at $47,500; a British crown colony until July 1997, when Britain's 99- year lease ran out and became a special administrative region (SAR) of China
Taking their families with them, Chinese settled permanently on the peninsulas and islands of Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines. Today, they form a prosperous urban commercial class known as the __________, the quintessential state being Singapore, where 77 percent of the population is ethnically Chinese. In the nineteenth century, economic hardship in China and a growing international demand for labor spawned the migration of as many as 10 million Chinese people to countries all over the world. By the middle of the twentieth century, many others fleeing the repression of China's Communist Revolution joined those from earlier migrations despite thorough assimilation into adopted homelands. As a result, "Chinatowns" are found in most major world cities. Somewhat unfairly, the term has been extended to apply to Chinese emigrants and their descendants.
Taiwan is one of its most prosperous countries. A huge trading area that includes all of Asia and the countries around the Pacific Rim, i.e., all the countries that border the Pacific Ocean. It ranks twenty-first globally in the size of its foreign trade, and its GDP per capita in 2012 was US $38,500.
A philosophy of Confucius who lived from 551 to 479 B.C.E. and is closely related to China's bureaucratic ruling tradition; an idealist interested in reforming government and eliminating violence from society. He thought human relationships should involve a set of defined roles and mutual obligations, valuing courtesy, knowledge, integrity, and respect for and loyalty to parents and government officials; values that diffused across the region and are still widely shared throughout East Asia; the best organizational model is based on a hierachy within a patriarchial extended family; hence a Confucian bias toward males. The oldest male held the seat of authority and was responsible for the well-being of everyone in the family; aligned according to age and gender. Beyond the family, the emperor was the grand patriarch of all China, charged with ensuring the welfare of society. Imperial bureaucrats were to do his bidding and commoners were to obey the bureaucrats. Over the centuries penetrating all aspects of East Asian society with more limited roles for women; sons more valuable offspring with public roles and daughters primarily servants with the home.
In 1966, partially in response to the failures of the Great Leap Forward, a political movement was launched to enforce support for Mao and punish dissenters. Everyone was required to study the "Little Red Book" of Mao's sayings (Fig. 9.12E). Educated people and intellectuals were a main target because they were thought to instigate dangerously critical evaluations of Mao and Communist Party central planning. Tens of millions of Chinese scientists, scholars, and students were sent out of the cities to labor in mines and industries or to jail, where as many as 1 million died. Children were encouraged to turn in their parents. Petty traders were punished for being capitalists, as were those who adhered to any type of organized religion. It so disrupted Chinese society that by Mao's death in 1976, the Communists had been seriously discredited.
Often seen in the Sichuan Basin with large population and a lot of industry, when the ground cools down more than the warm, wet air above. This creates conditions where the cool air becomes "trapped" near the land surface; and along with it, industrial and vehicle emissions build up, leading to intolerable pollution levels. This phenomenon also contributes to poor air quality in other places, such as Beijing.
Central Asian ethnic groups, most of whom are Muslims, and recent Han immigrants. Once made their living as nomadic herders and animal traders, but now many have taken jobs in the emerging oil industry and live in apartments provided for laborers. The region consists of two dry basins: the Tarim Basin, occupied by the Taklimakan Desert, and the smaller Junggar Basin to the northeast; both surrounded by 13,000' snow-capped mountains. Far from the oceans, rainfall is exceedingly sparse - hence, depend on snow and glacial meltwater. Traditional and modern, Tajik women weave traditional rugs that are sold to merchants who fly from faraway, developed countries to the ancient trading city of Kashi for the Sunday market. With the breakup of the Soviet Union, these new republics of Central Asia are eager to revive their trading heritage, and have oil and gas to sell. China is welcoming them and attracting outside investors from Europe and Americas by establishing ETDZs in cities such as Kashi and Urumqi; fear Beijing's central government's singular intent is to exploit region's oil and gas and to appropriate land for resettling eastern China's excess population.
In the cases of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, the government designed an economic development strategy that relies heavily on the production of manufactured goods destined for sale abroad, primarily to the large economies of North America and Europe, while limiting imports for local consumers. China also relies heavily on exports of its manufactured goods to North America and Europe. Politically, however, while South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Mongolia have become democracies, the North Korean dictatorship maintains total control over politics and the media. In China, there is some experimentation with democracy at the local level, but the central government generally acts as a force against widespread democratic participation.
A down-turned thumb-like peninsula; the Yalu and Tumen rivers separate it from the Chinese mainland and a small area of Siberian Russia. Low-lying mountains cover much of the North, extending down along the eastern side. To the west, floodplains slope toward the Yellow Sea. So close to the continental mainland that it experiences the "inhale" and "exhale" of hot wet summer monsoons and cold, dry winter monsoons. Divided in 1953 with enduring international tensions today; Two dramatically different countries: One, poor and inward-looking, not participating in the global economy despite better physical resources of forests, coal, iron ore, and many rivers. The other, with flatter land and warmer climate better for agriculture; and electronic, automotive, chemical, and shipbuilding industries that compete with North America, Europe, and Japan. The South is cosmopolitan, populous, newly democratic, and affluent due to state-aided capitalist development. The result has been over 50 years of hostile competition between the two. Global concerns over the North enriching plutonium and testing its nuclear devices since 2006; mismanagement of resources, especially food, and severe human rights abuses.
Samsung and Hyundai. A major reason for South Korea's economic success; huge corporations or comglomerates that are involved in a wide variety of economic sectors. South Korea's government has made credit easily available to them and has helped them purchase foreign patents so that Koreans can focus on product quality and marketing rather than on inventing. Under increasing criticism in recent years because of their close connections with the government that has led to corruption and mismanagement.Despite all of this, the South Korean economic system has enable Koreans who were poor at the end of the Korean War to now be able to afford the products they formerly only exported. The GDP per capita in South Korea is now similar to the European Union average. The use of advanced telecommunication technologies and modern urban landscapes, especially in the capital Seoul, testify to South Korea's success in the global economy. A picture of the outskirts of Seoul showing high-rise apartment buildings is seen on page 498 Fig. 9.17B.
The middle and lower basins of the Chang Jiang River has been filled with river-borne sediment carried down from the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. Other rivers entering the middle basin from the north and south also bring in loads of silt which are added to the main river channel. The Chang Jiang carries a huge amount of sediment--as much as 186 million cubic yards per year--past the industrial city of Wuhan which is particularly pronounced during the rainy summer and fall seasons. Under natural conditions this sediment was deposited on the basin floors during the annual floods, and enriched agricultural production. But because the floods often destroyed people, property, animals, and crops, the Chang Jiang, like the Huang He, now flows between levees. Still, it occasionally breaches the levees and floods both rural and urban areas, as it did most recently in 2010. As the river approaches the East China Sea, it deposits, the last of its sediment load in a giant delta, at the outer limits of which lies the trading city of Shanghai.