See Figures 8.37 and 8.30 on pages 462 and 451. A state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming part of the larger Punjab region.The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. To the north it is bounded by the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana.
After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh alongside the current state of Punjab.
Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.[4]
The term Punjab comprises two words: "punj meaning five and ab meaning water, thus the land of five rivers."[5] The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers.[6] In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta həndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers.[7] Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian Subcontinent for most foreign invaders.[6]
Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab.[8] Other major industries include the manufacturing of scientific instruments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilisers, bicycles, garments, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Punjab also has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in "Steel Town"—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district.
What is the season when cool, dry, heavy air from the Eurasian landmass comes down over the Indian Subcontinent around November?
A religion of South Asia that combines beliefs of Islam and Hinduism; believe in one god, hold high ethical standards, and practice meditation. Philosophically, they accept the idea of reincarnation but reject the idea of caste, although in everyday life, caste plays a role in their identity. The 21 million live mainly in Punjab, in northwestern India. Their influence in India is greater than their numbers because throughout India many hold positions in government, military, and police (See Wikipedia).
A fifth group--the oppressed or untouchables--is considered to be so lowly as to have no caste. They perform those tasks that caste Hindus consider the most despicable and ritually polluting: killing animals, tanning hides, cleaning, and disposing of refuse. Name this group.
What two-word climatic term refers to the rainy season in early June when the moist ITCZ air first reaches the mountainous Western Ghats?
Although 50 to 70 percent agricultural, there are many well-educated people in the advanced technology sector, e.g., Bangalore's IT industry and Chennai's innovative engineering and sustainable development research institutes; along with an Italian-designed high-fashion shoe manufacturing industry producing 2 million pairs of shoes per year. The region, overall, offers a higher status and well-being for women. It also is the center of Dravidian cultures and languages that previously extended into central and northern India. Physically, southwest is the Malabar oastal plain backed by the Western Ghats mountains, with sea-facing western coasts having some of the wettest climate in India; not to mention its high-value furniture industry from its teak, rosewood, and sandalwood; itsforested Deccan Plateau with several large eastward flowing rivers. In its state of KERALA in the far southwest, a higher standard of living and strong support for the education of both men and women, and more freedom for women and an overall openness of society, perhaps because of thousands of years of traders from all around the Indian Ocean calling along the Malabar Coast, bringing with them their religions and new ideas about gender roles, Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Chinese. This history of cultural and religious variety seems to have led to more open-mindedness toward diversity than there is in neighboring states.
The association of a particular --be it a neighborhood, city, or entire country--to the exclusion of other religions; the goal being political control over a given territory; long a reality in India and Pakistan with Hindu and Islam.
A remedy for some failings of the green revolution; often involves the revival and use of traditional methods, such as fertilizing crops with animal manure, intercropping (planting several species together) with legumes to add nitrogen and organic matter, water conservation, and using natural predators to control pests; advantageous to poor farmers because resources readily available in most rural areas and knowledge can be handed down orally from generation to generation.
The practice of concealing women from the eyes of non family men, especially during women's reproductive years. It is observed in various ways across the region. The practice is stronget in Afghanistan and across the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where within both Muslim and Hindu communities, women are often secluded within structures and wear veils or head coverings. It is less strict in central and southern India, but even there, separation between unrelated men and women is maintained in public spaces. In general, low-caste Hindus do not observe this custom, but that is changing. In recent decades, as some low-status households have increased their incomes, they have adopted this as a sign of their rising wealth. This practice has influenced the architecture of South Asia. Homes are often in walled compounds that seclude kitchens and laundries as women's spaces. In grander homes, windows to the street are usually covered with lattice screens, known as jalee, that allow in air and light but shield women from the view of outsiders.
Mountainous Hindu Kush and Pamirs in the northeast, rugged, steep-sided; Taliban primarily illiterate Pashtuns and educated Pashtuns played important role resisting Taliban, advocating women's rights; birthrate highest in region with 6.2 per woman; ethnic diversity thwarted unity in country; Russian invasion in 1972 and their brand of western culture alienated conservative countryside, establishing a negative attitude to modernization. Cities of Herat to the west and Kandahar in the south always traditional and conservative were devastated during late twentieth-century conflicts; and little rebuilding has taken place in either city in recent years. Three decades of war has left the country crippled.
What term is often used to refer to the entire Indian peninsula which includes Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, usually not including Afghanistan?
The first large agricultural communities appeared about 4500 years ago along the Indus River in what is modern-day Pakistan and northwest India and were known as the Indus Valley civilization or the ________
Wave after wave of invaders have come to this region, into the rich Indus Valley and Punjab, from Central and Southwest Asia beginning as far back as 3500 years ago: Persians, Greeks, Christians, Jews, and Arab traders. In 1526, a group of Turkik Persian people from Central Asia invaded from the north intensifying the growth of Islam. Today, there are around 520 million Muslims now living in South Asia. They left a unique heritage of architecture, art, and literature that includes the Taj Mahal. Name this dynasty. They also contributed to the evolution of the Hindi language, the language of trade in the northern subcontinent and still used by more than 400 million people.
A complex, ancient Hindu system for dividing society into hereditary hierarchical classes
A religion of Asia that originated in northern India in the sixth century B.C.E. before spreading eastward to East and Southeast Asia. About 10 million or 1 percent of South Asia's population; they are a majority in Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Began about 2600 years ago as an effort to reform and reinterpret Hinduism; it emphasizes modest living and peaceful self-reflection leading to enlightenment.
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