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Chp. 8 South Asia your name _______________________(print)

Teacher: Professor Thomas
Across
See Figures 8.37 and 8.30 on pages 462 and 451. A state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming part of the larger Punjab region.The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. To the north it is bounded by the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana. After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh alongside the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.[4] The term Punjab comprises two words: "punj meaning five and ab meaning water, thus the land of five rivers."[5] The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers.[6] In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta həndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers.[7] Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian Subcontinent for most foreign invaders.[6] Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab.[8] Other major industries include the manufacturing of scientific instruments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilisers, bicycles, garments, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Punjab also has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in "Steel Town"—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district.
What is the season when cool, dry, heavy air from the Eurasian landmass comes down over the Indian Subcontinent around November?
A religion of South Asia that combines beliefs of Islam and Hinduism; believe in one god, hold high ethical standards, and practice meditation. Philosophically, they accept the idea of reincarnation but reject the idea of caste, although in everyday life, caste plays a role in their identity. The 21 million live mainly in Punjab, in northwestern India. Their influence in India is greater than their numbers because throughout India many hold positions in government, military, and police (See Wikipedia).
A fifth group--the oppressed or untouchables--is considered to be so lowly as to have no caste. They perform those tasks that caste Hindus consider the most despicable and ritually polluting: killing animals, tanning hides, cleaning, and disposing of refuse. Name this group.
What two-word climatic term refers to the rainy season in early June when the moist ITCZ air first reaches the mountainous Western Ghats?
Although 50 to 70 percent agricultural, there are many well-educated people in the advanced technology sector, e.g., Bangalore's IT industry and Chennai's innovative engineering and sustainable development research institutes; along with an Italian-designed high-fashion shoe manufacturing industry producing 2 million pairs of shoes per year. The region, overall, offers a higher status and well-being for women. It also is the center of Dravidian cultures and languages that previously extended into central and northern India. Physically, southwest is the Malabar oastal plain backed by the Western Ghats mountains, with sea-facing western coasts having some of the wettest climate in India; not to mention its high-value furniture industry from its teak, rosewood, and sandalwood; itsforested Deccan Plateau with several large eastward flowing rivers. In its state of KERALA in the far southwest, a higher standard of living and strong support for the education of both men and women, and more freedom for women and an overall openness of society, perhaps because of thousands of years of traders from all around the Indian Ocean calling along the Malabar Coast, bringing with them their religions and new ideas about gender roles, Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Chinese. This history of cultural and religious variety seems to have led to more open-mindedness toward diversity than there is in neighboring states.
The association of a particular --be it a neighborhood, city, or entire country--to the exclusion of other religions; the goal being political control over a given territory; long a reality in India and Pakistan with Hindu and Islam.
A remedy for some failings of the green revolution; often involves the revival and use of traditional methods, such as fertilizing crops with animal manure, intercropping (planting several species together) with legumes to add nitrogen and organic matter, water conservation, and using natural predators to control pests; advantageous to poor farmers because resources readily available in most rural areas and knowledge can be handed down orally from generation to generation.
The practice of concealing women from the eyes of non family men, especially during women's reproductive years. It is observed in various ways across the region. The practice is stronget in Afghanistan and across the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where within both Muslim and Hindu communities, women are often secluded within structures and wear veils or head coverings. It is less strict in central and southern India, but even there, separation between unrelated men and women is maintained in public spaces. In general, low-caste Hindus do not observe this custom, but that is changing. In recent decades, as some low-status households have increased their incomes, they have adopted this as a sign of their rising wealth. This practice has influenced the architecture of South Asia. Homes are often in walled compounds that seclude kitchens and laundries as women's spaces. In grander homes, windows to the street are usually covered with lattice screens, known as jalee, that allow in air and light but shield women from the view of outsiders.
Mountainous Hindu Kush and Pamirs in the northeast, rugged, steep-sided; Taliban primarily illiterate Pashtuns and educated Pashtuns played important role resisting Taliban, advocating women's rights; birthrate highest in region with 6.2 per woman; ethnic diversity thwarted unity in country; Russian invasion in 1972 and their brand of western culture alienated conservative countryside, establishing a negative attitude to modernization. Cities of Herat to the west and Kandahar in the south always traditional and conservative were devastated during late twentieth-century conflicts; and little rebuilding has taken place in either city in recent years. Three decades of war has left the country crippled.
What term is often used to refer to the entire Indian peninsula which includes Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, usually not including Afghanistan?
The first large agricultural communities appeared about 4500 years ago along the Indus River in what is modern-day Pakistan and northwest India and were known as the Indus Valley civilization or the ________
Wave after wave of invaders have come to this region, into the rich Indus Valley and Punjab, from Central and Southwest Asia beginning as far back as 3500 years ago: Persians, Greeks, Christians, Jews, and Arab traders. In 1526, a group of Turkik Persian people from Central Asia invaded from the north intensifying the growth of Islam. Today, there are around 520 million Muslims now living in South Asia. They left a unique heritage of architecture, art, and literature that includes the Taj Mahal. Name this dynasty. They also contributed to the evolution of the Hindi language, the language of trade in the northern subcontinent and still used by more than 400 million people.
A complex, ancient Hindu system for dividing society into hereditary hierarchical classes
A religion of Asia that originated in northern India in the sixth century B.C.E. before spreading eastward to East and Southeast Asia. About 10 million or 1 percent of South Asia's population; they are a majority in Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Began about 2600 years ago as an effort to reform and reinterpret Hinduism; it emphasizes modest living and peaceful self-reflection leading to enlightenment.
Down
When India was granted independence by Britain in 1947, Muslim political leaders were concerned about the fate of a minority Muslim population in a united India with a Hindu majority, suggested the idea of two nations. Hence India became divided into two independent countries: India, which was predominantly Hindu, and Pakistan (East and West), which was predominantly Muslim. Gandhi greatly lamented this. Northwest India and Northeast India where Muslims predominated became a single country known as West and East Pakistan. Fearing they would be persecuted if they did not move, more than 7 million Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India from their ancestral homes in what had become West and East Pakistan. A similar number of Muslims left their homes for the two parts of Pakistan. Civil society broke down and between 1 and 3.4 million were killed. The term that was given to this historical division was ________.
One of South Asia's poorest countries and one of world's most densely populated agricultural nations; more than 153 million people in area slightly smaller than Alabama; 75 percent trying to manage as farmers on severely crowded land. Nevertheless making improvements on many fronts: adult literacy, enrollment of eligible children in secondary school; fertility rates down from 7 children per woman to 2. Economically, textile industry reviving--second largest exporter of garments after China, high quality textiles; real economic hope from within for domestic food production, textiles, and technology; small businesses funded with microcredit from innovative Grameen Bank
In the early twentieth century, Mohandas Gandhi, a young lawyer from Gujarat, emerged as a central political leader in South Asia's independence movement. He would notify the government that the group was about to break a discriminatory law, and if the authorities ignored the act, the demonstrators would have made their point and the law would be weakened. If, however, the government used force against the peaceful demonstrators, it would lose the respect of the masses. The term applied to these tactics is _________.
What is the name given to the four hierarchically ordered divisions of society in Hindu India underlying the caste system: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors/kings), Vaishyas (merchants)/landowners), and Sudras (laborers/artisans).
A sum of money paid by the bride's family to the groom's family at the time of marriage; originated as an exchange of wealth between Muslim landowners or high-caste families that practiced purdah. With her ability to work reduced by purdah, a woman was considered a liability for the family that took her in. Changing customs appear to be a cause of growing incidence of various kinds of domestic violence against females in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Although originally a symbol of the family's wealth, today; ironically, increases in affluence and education have reinforced this custom and made it much more common for all families;families with son's with diplomas demanding more; crippling some poor families to get their daughters married.
Stretches from Punjab on the west to Hindu holy city of Varanasi to the east. So little rain that houses can make their roofs out of mud. On the north side, rivers descending from the Himalayas make up for the lack of rainfall. Contains the state of Rajasthan, one of India's poorest also dominated by the Thar Desert in the west, and wealthiest state, the Indian side of Punjab where Sikhs have their holiest site. Seminomadic herders with goats and camels cross the desert selling dung or trading it for grazing rights, although increasing pressure from populations puts greenery at a premium, hurting trade between herders and farmers. Nearly 85% of Punjab's land is cultivated and provides India with two-thirds of its food reserves. The city of New Delhi, India's capital, is in the center of this region, built by the British in 1932 aid the remains of seven ancient cities, giving it all the monumental hallmarks of an imperial capital, not withstanding the fact that in 2011 it was found to have worse pollution than Beijing, China, most of it coming from 3 million unregulated motor vehicles.
A dark side to the Hindu-Muslim relationship at the community level, one that is often quite tense with Hindus in some villages regarding Muslims as members of a low caste; dietary habits are often a source of discord, distinguishing caste, and in some Bangladesh villages--although Muslim majorities-- Hindus may be wealthier.
Known as Ceylon until 1972; an island country off southeast India's coast; known for its beauty; rice paddies, nut, and spice trees along coasts; with hills rising to tea and coconut plantations; and a mountain massif in center reaching 8200 feet. Several thousand years ago settlers from northern India, known as Singhalese from northern India moved in with their Buddhism, jointed the hunters-gathers and rice cultivators already here, and created city-kingdoms; now 74 percent of the population. Later, Dravidian Tamils were imported to work on British plantations. Trouble erupted with the urban Singhalese in a civil war. Peace has prevailed since 2009 partly due to a very diversified economy that has proven resilient enough to quell ethnic and religious strife.
A religion of Asia that originated as a reformist movement within Hinduism more than 2000 years ago; they are known for their educational achievements, nonviolence, and strict vegetarianism
What is the name of the major world religion practiced by approximately 900 million people, 800 million of whom live in India; a complex belief system, with roots both in ancient literary texts (known as the Great Tradition) and in highly localized folk traditions (known as the Little Tradition.)
In Hindu India, name the sub caste into which a person is born, which traditionally defines the individual's experience for a lifetime. _______