If patient is dependent, offer a _ to a drug treatment program
_ maintenance is standard treatment for opioid dependence
Substance abuse is often difficult to recognize in newborns immediately, as there are often no _ anomalies.
Mothers should be educated and counseled that substance abuse has higher associated rates of miscarriage, _ _ _, stillbirth, and preterm delivery
3 most common substances abused during pregnancy in the US are alcohol, nicotine, and _
If substance use present, need to determine the amount, _, and dependence
According to the DSM-5 _ _ _ is defined as “when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home"
These patients are considered _ risk and need close follow up during and after pregnancy
For those who need nicotine replacement therapy, _ options, such as gum and lozenges, are recommended over continuous options, such as a patch
A good, least intensive approach to start with includes _ interviewing
_ counseling is 1st line therapy for nicotine use
In mothers who have quit and it is safe for the newborn, _ has been shown to help prevent and decrease relapse
Fagerstrom Test for _ dependence
The established safe level of ETOH during pregnancy is _
At what visit, should substance abuse be assessed for