To establish the relationship between polar and rectangular coordinates, let the polar axis coincide with the positive x-axis and the pole with the ______.
So far, you have been representing graphs of equations as collections of points (x, y) in the rectangular coordinate system, where x and y represent the directed distances from the coordinate axes to the point (x, y). In this section, you will study a different system called the _____ coordinate system.
Each point P in the plane can be assigned polar coordinates (r, θ) as follows: 1. r = directed distance from O to P; 2. θ = directed _____, counterclockwise from polar axis to segment OP.
Recall from Section 4.2 that the cosine function is even and the sine function is ___. That is, sin(-θ) = -sin(θ).
To form the polar coordinate system in the plane, fix a point O, called the pole (or origin), and construct from ) an initial ray called the polar ____.
Note that the graph is _________ with respect to the line θ = π/2.
The three tests for symmetry in polar coordinates listed on page 748 are sufficient to _________ symmetry, but they are not necessary.
You can use polar coordinates in mathematical modeling. For instance, in Exercise 127 on page 746, you will use polar coordinates to model the path of a passenger car on a ______ wheel.
In previous chapters, you learned how to sketch graphs in rectangular coordinate systems. You began with the basic point-________ method. Then you used sketching aids such as symmetry, intercepts, asymptotes, periods, and shifts to further investigate the natures of graphs. This section approaches curve sketching in the polar coordinate system similarly, beginning with a demonstration of point _______.
Each point P in the plane can be assigned polar coordinates (r, θ) as follows: 1. r = directed _________ from O to P; 2. θ = directed angle, counterclockwise from polar axis to segment OP.
Note how the negative r-values determine the _____ loop of the graph in Figure 10.57.
You can use graphs of polar equations in mathematical modeling. For instance, in Exercise 69 on page 754, you will graph the pickup pattern of a(n) ____________ in a polar coordinate system.
The graph of r = f(sin θ) is symmetric with respect to the line θ = π/2.
Converting a polar equation to rectangular form requires considerable _________.
Because r is a(n) ________ distance, the coordinates (r, θ) and (-r, θ + π) represent the same point.
There are _____ important types of symmetry to consider in polar curve sketching: Symmetry with Respect to the Line θ = π/2, Symmetry with Respect to the Polar Axis, and Symmetry with Respect to the Pole
By plotting these points and using specified symmetry, zeros, and maximum values, you can obtain the graph, as shown below. This graph is called a rose curve, and each loop on the graph is called a(n) _____.
For r > 0, the definitions of the trigonometric functions imply that ___ θ = y / r
Note in Example 2 that cos(-θ) = cos θ. This is because the cosine function is _____.