To date, _____ _____ is the only definitive means of diagnosis for IgA nephropathy. (Two words)
Hit Three: Binding of immune antibodies targeted against galactose deficient IgA1 forms pathogenic IgA1-containing _____ _____. (Two words)
Extensive research into _____ _____ is being carried out in an effort to provide a less invasive diagnosis of IgA nephropathy, but variables such as age, environmental factors and pH hamper the ability to provide a definite, reliable diagnosis. (Two words)
Hit One: Patients Patients with IgA nephropathy also have a _____ _____ within their O-linked glycans, located in the hinge regions of antibodies. (Two words)
Hit Two: When IgA1 becomes galactose deficient, it turns from an antibody to a(n) _____. When this occurs, other immune antibodies work to bind the galactose deficient IgA1.
30-40% of IgA nephropathy diagnoses result in end-stage _____ failure.
Hit Four: Upon entrance to the renal circulation, pathogenic IgA1-containing immune complexes activate _____ cells and promote proliferation of cytokines, increasing the inflammatory response resulting in renal injury.
Although urinary peptidomics is able to distinguish between IgA nephropathy patients and _____ patients, they have not yet been able to distinguish between IgA nephropathy and other renal diseases the way that a renal biopsy is able to do.
Down
Number of processes (aka hits) necessary for the onset of IgA nephropathy
Hit Three: Typically, the immune complexes are large in patients with IgA nephropathy, inhibiting their ability to enter the normal catabolic pathway, forcing entrance into the _____ _____. (Two words)
IgA nephropathy is the most common _____.
Typical onset of IgA nephropathy occurs in between the ages of twenty and _____.
Hit One: IgA nepropathy patients have a(n) _____ increase in galactose-deficient circulating IgA, more specifically the IgA1 subclass.
Buildup of IgA in the glomeruli of the kidneys causes ____, which hinders the glomeruli’s ability to function in filtering waste, excess water and harmful substances.
Although typical onset age of IgA nephropathy is correspondent with the typical onset age of _____, there are no reports of accelerated symptoms, only an increased risk for complications.
Potential _____ biomarkers in urine samples indicative of IgA nephropathy include uromodulin (UMOD), alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) fragments, urinary laminin G-like 3 and free kappa light chains.
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