Refers to a population in which individuals breed only with other members of the population.
Substances, such as toxins, chemicals, or radiation, that may induce genetic mutations.
A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism.
A population's movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group.
Selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction.
Any mechanism that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material.
Refers to an individual with high concentrations of melanin.
Average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype.
Small blood vessels between the terminal ends of arteries and the veins.
A genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle- shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues.
All the genetic information in the breeding population.
A chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY condition; affected individuals typically have reduced fertility.
A group of related genetic blood diseases characterized by abnormal hemoglobin.
Small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next.
A condition in which the system is stable, balanced, and unchanging.