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Benchmark 3 Study Guide

Across
A historic east-west wagon route that connected the Missouri River to Oregon Country, allowing pioneers to travel across the western territories to settle in the Pacific Northwest.
The formal withdrawal or separation of a state from a larger political entity, such as a country or union.
The enforced separation of racial or ethnic groups in public spaces and institutions, through laws known as "Jim Crow" laws, which enforced racial discrimination.
A law signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, which authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to areas west of the Mississippi River. This act paved the way for further westward expansion and the settlement of Native American lands.
Military installations or trading posts established by settlers and the U.S. government at strategic locations along the western frontier to protect and support westward expansion.
The railroad network that was built across the United States, connecting the eastern and western coasts. Its completion in 1869 greatly facilitated transportation and trade, accelerating westward expansion.
The act of setting slaves free or granting them freedom.
Large agricultural estates where cash crops, such as tobacco, cotton, and sugar, were grown using slave labor.
The period following the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877, during which the United States government attempted to rebuild and reintegrate the Southern states that had seceded.
The right to vote in political elections.
Down
The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which nearly doubled the size of the United States and opened up vast new lands for settlement.
The process of bringing together people from different racial, ethnic, or social backgrounds and allowing them equal access to institutions and opportunities. Integration was a central goal of the civil rights movement.
The undeveloped or sparsely populated areas at the edge of a settled region. In the context of westward expansion, it refers to the westernmost areas of the United States that were being explored and settled.
The system in which individuals are treated as property and forced to work without consent or payment.
The rights and freedoms that every citizen should have, regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics.
The belief or doctrine that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continent was both justified and inevitable.
A person who advocated for the complete abolition or elimination of slavery.
A period of mass migration to California in the mid-1800s, following the discovery of gold. It attracted people from all over the world, transforming the region and contributing to westward expansion.
A law passed in 1862 that provided free land to settlers willing to live on and cultivate it for a period of time. It encouraged westward migration and the settlement of the western frontier.
Large mammals that roamed the Great Plains in massive herds.