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Cognitive Psychology History, Research and Models

Across
The time it takes to react to a stimulus. This is usually determined by measuring the time between presentation of a stimulus and the response to the stimulus. Examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes, and the appearance of a particular brain wave.
A type of conditiioning in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response.
The mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making.
A type of introspection, used by early psychologists, in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
Type of conditioning championed by B. F. Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection.
Representation of a physical structure. An example is a model of the brain or structures within the brain and their connections.
The type of intelligence that computers use to perform tasks usually associated with human intelligence.
The approach to psychology, founded by John B. Watson, which states that observable behavior provides the only valid data for psychology. A consequence of this idea is that consciousness and unobservable mental processes are not considered worthy of study by psychologists.
An approach to psychology that explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations.
Measure used by Ebbinghaus to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning. Higher savings indicate greater memory.
Down
System that creates mental representations of the world and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning.
The cognitive _____ is the shift in psychology, beginning in the 1950s, from the behaviorist approach to an approach in which the main thrust was to explain behavior in terms of the mind. One of the outcomes of the cognitive revolution was the introduction of the information-processing approach to studying the mind.
Plot of savings versus time after original learning.
Type of reaction time to respond to one of two or more stimuli. For example, in the Donders experiment, subjects had to make one response to one stimulus and a different response to another stimulus.
Computer program devised by Alan Newell and Herbert Simon that was able to solve logic problems.
The type of reaction time in which people respond to the presence or absence of a single stimulus (as opposed to having to choose between a number of stimuli before making a response).
The mental map of a spatial layout.
A model that represents the processes involved in cognition. An example is the flow diagram for Broadbent’s filter model of attention.